Ce Calculator

Carbon Equivalent (CE) Formula:

\[ CE = C + \frac{Mn}{6} + \frac{Cr + Mo + V}{5} + \frac{Ni + Cu}{15} \]

Carbon (C):

Manganese (Mn):

Chromium (Cr):

Molybdenum (Mo):

Vanadium (V):

Nickel (Ni):

Copper (Cu):

Carbon Equivalent (CE):

Unit Converter ▲

Unit Converter ▼

From:	To:

1. What is the Carbon Equivalent (CE) Formula?

The Carbon Equivalent (CE) formula is used to assess the weldability of steels by combining the effects of various alloying elements into a single value that represents their combined effect on the material's hardness and susceptibility to cracking.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the Carbon Equivalent equation:

\[ CE = C + \frac{Mn}{6} + \frac{Cr + Mo + V}{5} + \frac{Ni + Cu}{15} \]

Where:

\( C \) — Carbon content (%)
\( Mn \) — Manganese content (%)
\( Cr \) — Chromium content (%)
\( Mo \) — Molybdenum content (%)
\( V \) — Vanadium content (%)
\( Ni \) — Nickel content (%)
\( Cu \) — Copper content (%)

Explanation: The equation weights each alloying element according to its relative effect on the material's hardenability and weldability.

3. Importance of CE Calculation

Details: The CE value helps predict the weldability of steel and the need for preheating. Higher CE values indicate greater susceptibility to cracking during welding.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter all alloying element percentages. Values must be non-negative. The result is dimensionless but expressed as a percentage.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a good CE value for welding?
A: Generally, CE values below 0.40% are considered excellent for welding, 0.40-0.60% may require preheating, and above 0.60% requires special precautions.

Q2: How does CE relate to material hardness?
A: Higher CE values typically indicate greater hardenability, meaning the material will form harder microstructures when cooled from high temperatures.

Q3: Are there different CE formulas?
A: Yes, there are variations like IIW (International Institute of Welding) formula and Pcm (Japanese) formula, each with slightly different coefficients.

Q4: What elements have the strongest effect on CE?
A: Carbon has the strongest effect (coefficient of 1), followed by Cr, Mo, V (coefficient 1/5), then Mn (1/6), and Ni, Cu (1/15).

Q5: Can CE predict cracking in heat-affected zones?
A: Yes, higher CE values correlate with increased risk of hydrogen-induced cracking in the heat-affected zone after welding.